The pizza is a delicacy typical of Neapolitan cuisine [1],
jeudi 12 mars 2015
Ebola virus
You know five species belonging to this genus and four of these are responsible for the disease Ebola (in English "ebola virus disease" or EVD ") that affects humans with a hemorrhagic fever with a very high fatality rate. The five species virus recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are named after the regions where they have been identified for the first time.
The species are: Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus (originally Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus) and Zaire ebolavirus. Zaire ebolavirus is the reference species for the genus Ebolavirus and is constituted by a single known strain, simply called "Ebola virus", which is characterized by the highest fatality rate of Ebolavirus and is also responsible for the largest number of outbreaks Ebola attributable to the genre, including the outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire in 1976 and the outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in West Africa in 2014, which is the one that has so far caused the greatest number of victims.
The Ebolavirus have been described for the first time since the outbreak of haemorrhagic fever broke out in southern Sudan in June 1976 and in Zaire in August 1976. [2]
The name comes from the River Ebolavirus Ebola in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), a tributary of the Congo River, where the outbreak occurred in 1976, while the suffix indicates taxonomic -virus be a viral genus. [1] The genus was introduced in 1998 as a "kind of viruses that look like the Ebola virus". [3] [4] In 2002, the genus name was changed to Ebolavirus [5] [6] and in 2010, the genre was amended from some members. [ 1] The Ebolavirus are closely connected with Marburgvirus. Taxonomic notes
Under the rules for the nomenclature of taxon defined by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the genus name is written Ebolavirus always capitalized and italicized. It should never be abbreviated and should be preceded by the word "gender". In the terminology of international English, when you call collectively the members of the genus, do not use the upper case, italics and the article (ebolaviruses). [1]Criteria for inclusion in the genre
A virus of the family is a member of the genus Filoviridae Ebolavirus if [1]
its genome has several overlapping genes
his fourth gene (GP) encodes four proteins (SGP, ssGP, Δ-peptide and GP1,2) using a cut co-transcriptional for ssGP and GP1,2 and proteolytic cleavage to get SGP and Δ-peptide
the peak of infectivity of its virions is associated with particles of ≈805 nm in length
its genome differs from that of the Marburg virus quantity ≥50% and that of the Ebola virus by an amount <50% at the nucleotide level
its virions do not show nearly antigenic cross-resistance with virions marburg
Key Features
The viruses of this genus are transmitted through contact with the biological fluids of an infected, even during its gestation period (30 days before symptoms); would be theoretically possible to contract the virus by touching one of these sweat, also filed, a sick person, even if it is a probability rather remote. Potentially these viruses could be used as a biological weapon: as agents of bioterrorism, these viruses are classified in category A. [7] The effectiveness as an agent of biological warfare virus of this kind is however compromised by the high mortality and its level Contagion: typical epidemic could spread through a small village or hospital, infecting the entire community without being able to find other potential guests, then dying before reaching a wider community.
One of the known species of ebolavirus has a transmissibility type plane: the Reston ebolavirus species (from the city of Reston, Virginia, where he was identified in a type of monkey).VirologyMorphology
The inquiry in the electron microscope of the species belonging to the genus Ebolavirus shows the characteristic structure of filamentous filoviruses. [8] The species Ebola virus VP30 EBOV is constituted by a chain of 288 amino acids. [8] The virions generally have a tubular structure variable: may take the form of a crook, eyelet, or U 6, coiled, circular or branched. However the laboratory techniques of purification such as centrifugation may affect the morphological appearance. [8] The virions generally measure 80 nm in diameter. [8] They have variable sizes, typically around 1000 nm, but can reach 1400 nm in length . In the center of the virion is a structure called the nucleocapsid, consisting of the viral genomic RNA and a protein complex NP, VP35, VP30 and L. The virion has a diameter of 40-50 nm and a central channel of 20-30 nm in diameter. A glycoprotein (GP) virus is present on the viral membrane, derived from the host cell membrane. Between the membrane and nucleocapsid, the so-called matrix, are allocated to the viral proteins VP40 and VP24.Genome
Each virion contains a linear molecule anti-sense RNA, approximately 18,959 nucleotides in length even up to 18,961. The 3 'end is not poliadenilata, and 5' is devoid of the cap. It was found that 472 nucleotides from the 3 'UTR, and 731 nucleotides from the 5' UTR are sufficient for replication. [8] It is able to encode seven structural proteins and a non-structural. The coding region is 3 '- leader - NP - VP35 - VP40 - GP / SGP - VP30 - VP24 - L - trailer - 5'; leader and trailer regions not being transcribed carrying signals important for the control of transcription, replication and assembly of the viral genome in the new virion. The genomic material in itself is not infectious due to viral protein, but the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, are necessary for the transcription of the viral genome in the mRNA, as well as for the replication of the viral genome.Life cycle
The viruses attack the receptors of the host by Peplomer glycoprotein veicolandosi in vesicles by endocytosis into the host cell.
Fusion of the viral membrane with the vesicle membrane; the nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm.
The anti-sense ssRNA incapsidato is used as a template for the synthesis (3 '- 5') of polyadenylated mRNA, monocistronico.
MRNA translation into viral proteins using the facilities of the host cell.
Post-translational processing of viral proteins. By cleavage of GP0 (precursor glycoprotein) derived GP1 and GP2, which are abundantly glycosylated. The assembly of these two molecules, first in heterodimers, and trimers then constitutes the surface of the Peplomer. A precursor glycoprotein secretion undergoes a cleavage in SGP and delta peptide, both of which released from the cell.
With the increase in the protein level viral translation from switching to replication. Using the anti-sense RNA as a template, is synthesized a complementary ssRNA +, used as a template for further synthesis of the new (-) ssRNA genome, rapidly incapsidato.
The newly formed nucleocapsid and envelope proteins are associated with the plasma membrane of the host cell; the release of virions occurs by budding.
Reserves viral
Despite numerous studies, the nature reserve of Ebolavirus not yet been identified. Between 1976 and 1998, no ebolavirus was found in the 30,000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods collected in the affected regions, [9] with the exception of the genetic material found in six rodents (Peters's mouse and species Praomys) and a shrew (Sylvisorex ollula) retrieved in the Central African Republic in 1998. [10] ebolavirus were discovered in the carcasses of gorillas, chimpanzees and gazelles during the epidemic of 2001 and 2003 (the carcasses were the source of the epidemic early human ), but the high rate of infection in these species precludes the possibility of turning into the reserve. [9]
Even plants and birds were considered viral reserves; However, bats are considered the best candidates. [11] Some bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which patients suspects epidemics of 1976 and 1979 and who were working were also implicated in outbreaks of Marburg in 1975 and 1980. [9] Among the 24 species of plants and 19 species of vertebrates experimentally inoculated with ebolavirus, only in bats occurred infection. [12] The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of the species-reserve . In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from Gabon and the Republic of Congo that included 679 bats identified RNA from ebolavirus in 13 of these (Hammer-headed bat, Franquet's epauletted fruit bat and Little collared fruit bat). [13] The bats are also known to be the subject of numerous viral virus as nipahvirus, hendravirus and lyssavirus. Recently [when?] Has been identified [citation needed] one of the receptors used by the virus, TIM-1, which would be important for the attack to some epithelial cells (possible route of entry of the virus). It seems that ebolavirus have developed in some caves of Kenya. [14].
In 2012 it was discovered in China the first insulation bats of Reston filovirus species as a result of serological tests conducted in a population of bats Chinese. The Reston ebolavirus species, discovered in the Philippines, is the only species of ebolavirus identified in Asia to date. [15] Furthermore, in 353 healthy Borneo orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in the island Kalimantan in Indonesia, in the period from December 2005 to December 2006, found a posività serological 18.4% (65/353) and 1.7% (6/353) of the samples examined respectively for EBOV (Ebola) and MARV (Marburg). Most EBOV-positive sera showed a serological similarity to species found in Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, or for viruses Bundibugyo, that have been found so far only in Africa. The authors of the research suggest the existence of multiple species of filovirus, or unknown viruses related to filovirus, in Indonesia, some of which are similar to viruses serologically EBOV Africans, indicating a possible presence of reservoirs of virus not yet identified between populations of orangutans in Indonesia. [16]
The researcher Berlin Gretchen Vogel, the editorial staff of the journal Science, published on the same April 11, 2014 an editorial entitled: (Are Bats Ebola Spreading Across Sub-Saharan Africa?) Are the bats that spread the Ebola virus in the whole 'Sub-Saharan Africa ?; suggesting, with this article, as the spread of the virus endangers the people who live in forested areas of the entire sub-Saharan Africa. [17]
Whitney Houston
Is universally recognized as one of the most iconic, popular and talented singers of all time, [4] often simply called "The Voice" for the unique features of his voice, a nickname given to her by Oprah Winfrey. [5] According to many artists and critics, that Whitney was the greatest female voice in music history. [6]
His great success in the eighties led to the opening of markets hitherto closed to singers of color. [7] With them the singer has topped the world charts, especially the Billboard Hot 100, in which he placed seven singles the consecutive number one, [8] breaking the record of five belonging to Diana Ross & The Supremes and the Beatles. Its total sales of albums, singles and videos are currently more than 200 million copies, and appears to be the female artist from the most successful ever after Madonna and Mariah Carey. [9]
It was one of the most successful women record, the fourth woman to number of sales in the United States, with about 55 million records certified by the RIAA. [10] He also holds the top spot in the ranking of the most successful artists of color along with Michael Jackson.
In 2008, the Guinness Book of World Records said Whitney artist most awarded and popular in the world. [11] The artist has won six Grammy Awards and holds the record for number of American Music Awards, having received 22 in all. In 2012, the Guinness Book of World Records has cited again the singer as the first and only artist to have 12 tracks simultaneously in the UK chart, which is a world record. [12] Whitney Houston has been inserted at the 34th position in the list of the 100 greatest singers of all time of Rolling Stone magazine. [13]
After a period of decline in the 2000s due to harsh personal stories and lawsuits against former husband, in June 2009 the record company Arista Records announced the release of the album titled I Look to You, published in Italy and Germany August 28, 2009 and in the US on 31 August.
She died on 11 February 2012, in the room of a hotel in Beverly Hills. [14] The cause of death was identified nell'annegamento accidentally in the bath, as a result of excessive intake of drugs and vascular disease ( atherosclerosis). [15] She was born August 9, 1963 in Newark, New Jersey, by John R. Houston and Emily Drinkard Houston (better known as Cissy), and raised in East Orange, has two brothers, Michael and Gary. His mother has long been a singer in the group soul Sweet Inspirations, the group that made the tour and provided voices support for Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin, and has also been a member of the gospel group Drinkard Sisters, along with his nephews and cousins of Whitney, Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick. [16] Whitney Houston has spent part of his adolescence frequenting nightclubs where her mother was singing and occasionally took the stage to perform with her. As a child, at the age of nine, he began to sing in the choir at New Hope Baptist Church until becoming a soloist at the age of 11 years.1977 - 1984: the beginnings
In 1977, at age 14, was a singer in the individual support of Michael Zager Band's Life's a Party. Zager subsequently offered the young singer a recording contract, but Cissy disagreed, wanting her daughter to finish school first. In 1978, at age 15, as he sang background vocals on the single of Chaka Khan I'm Every Woman, song that later became a hit for its soundtrack album sales champion Bodyguard. In the early eighties, he began working as a model after a photographer saw her sing at Carnegie Hall with her mother. [17] Given its obvious artistic skills, his parents decided to formally launch his career in 1981, after graduating . Then chose the Tara Productions, with which he signed. Appeared as a soloist in the album Paul Jabara and Friends of Paul Jabara, released by Columbia Records in 1983, where she sang Eternal love. [18]
Appeared in Seventeen and became one of the first women of color to grace the cover of the magazine. Also appeared on the cover, in magazines Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Miss Young and in a TV commercial Drink Canada Dry. While she was modeling, she continued her burgeoning recording career, during which he had received many offers of registration agencies (Michael Zager in 1980 and Elektra Records in 1981), working with producers Ben Dover, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album called One Down, Group Materials. For this project, contributed to the ballad Memories. In 1983, the manager of Arista Clive Davis saw Whitney sing and, impressed, offered her a recording contract in the world, that Whitney signed, and engaged in the development of his career. He sang as voice support in album Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson and initially recorded the duet with Teddy Pendergrass Hold Me, which appeared on his album, Love Language, single which was released in 1984 and became a Top 5 R & B hit, constituting a first big hit for the singer. Moreover, it showed for the first time on television in 1983 at The Merv Griffin Show, singing the song Home of Diana Ross and performing a medley with her mother.
BeIN Sports
In Francia, beIN SPORT detiene i diritti di trasmissione principali tornei di associazione di calcio alla francese televisione, tra cui Ligue 1, Serie A, Bundesliga, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League Campionato europeo di e il calcio.
Negli Stati Uniti e in Canada, beIN SPORT detiene i diritti di trasmissione La Liga, Serie A, Ligue 1, Copa del Rey, the South American World Cup qualifier e partite Football League Championship, oltre a Barça TV.
In Indonesia, beIN SPORT detiene i diritti di trasmissione Serie A, Ligue 1, Bundesliga, Serie A di calcio (MLS), i Campionati nazionali brasiliani, e con MP & Silva Premier League broadcasting partenariato per tre stagioni dal 2015 al 2013/14 / 16.
In Hong Kong, beIN SPORT detiene i diritti di trasmissione Serie A, Ligue 1, Major League Soccer (MLS), Football League Championship, Football League Cup, TIM Cup, the League Cup, Liverpool oltre a TV, Spurs, Milano TV .
It canale lanciato in Australia alla fine di November 2014, has seguito dell'acquisizione di Setanta Sports Australia, che rimarchiati come Bein SPORTS. beIN Sport in Australia detiene i diritti per la trasmissione Serie
Samsung Galaxy Note 4
iPhone 6
Pre-orders for the iPhone and iPhone 6 6 Plus exceeded 4 million in its first 24 hours of availability, a record Apple. [18] More than 10 million iPhone and iPhone 6 6 Plus units were sold in the first three days, another Apple recording. [19
Many rumors surrounding the next iPhone centered around the size of the device; most iPhone models used 3.5-inch displays that are smaller than the screens used by the headlights phones from competitors. The last big change for the iPhone series comes with the iPhone 5 (continued with the iPhone 5S and 5C), which featured a display that was larger, but the same width as the previous models, measuring 4 inches diagonally . After the loss of Apple in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays reports from January 2014 suggested that Apple is preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch display. [20] [21] [22]
Reports also speculated before unveiling the possibility that Apple would use a new iPhone model to introduce a platform for mobile payments using near field communications-technology has been incorporated into many Android phones but has experienced low user adoption rates. [23]
The iPhone and the iPhone 6 6 Plus were officially unveiled at a press conference at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California, on September 9, 2014. The event included other previously rumored product announcements Apple alongside new iPhone models, including Pay mobile payment platform Apple, and entry in the mobile computing market with the Apple Watch smartwatch society. [24]
The iPhone and iPhone 6 6 Most were released September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014. [25] In China, where the iPhone 5S and 5C were the first series models of the iPhone to be released in the country the same day as their launch International, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the line 6 iPhone in China on 19 because there was "details that are not ready", local media reported that the aircraft had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a new report by the state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhones were a threat to national security due to iOS 7 "common places" function could expose "state secrets"]
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